*Doses are commonly-reported figures from public sources, not a recommendation. Educational only.
| Year | Title / venue | Source |
|---|---|---|
| 2025 | Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion Cardiovascular research · preclinical | PMID 41229390 |
| 2025 | Thymosin Beta-4 Modulates Cardiac Remodeling by Regulating ROCK1 Expression in Adult Mammals International journal of molecular sciences · preclinical | PMID 40362372 |
| 2025 | Living myocardial slices as a model for testing cardiac pro-reparative gene therapies Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · preclinical | PMID 40143546 |
| 2023 | Thymosin beta-4 participate in antibacterial immunity and wound healing in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fish & shellfish immunology · preclinical | PMID 37689229 |
| 2023 | Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapies International immunopharmacology · preclinical | PMID 36709593 |
| 2023 | Thymosin beta-4 - A potential tool in healing middle ear lesions in adult mammals International immunopharmacology · preclinical | PMID 38706788 |
| 2023 | Deficiency of endothelial sirtuin1 in mice stimulates skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity by modifying the secretome Nature communications · preclinical | PMID 37696839 |
| 2023 | Thymosin beta 4: A potential novel adjunct treatment for bacterial keratitis International immunopharmacology · preclinical | PMID 37018981 |
| 2021 | Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain Alternative therapies in health and medicine · preclinical | PMID 34324435 |
| 2020 | Electrospun thymosin Beta-4 loaded PLGA/PLA nanofiber/ microfiber hybrid yarns for tendon tissue engineering application Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications · preclinical | PMID 31753373 |
| 2020 | Thymosin β4: A Multi-Faceted Tissue Repair Stimulating Protein in Heart Injury Current medicinal chemistry · preclinical | PMID 31333080 |
| 2019 | Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defects: A Review Article Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · preclinical | PMID 31598519 |
| 2018 | Thymosin beta 4 and the eye: the journey from bench to bedside Expert opinion on biological therapy · preclinical | PMID 30063853 |
| 2018 | Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy Improves Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis Cells · preclinical | PMID 30241380 |
| 2018 | Expression and localisation of thymosin beta-4 in the developing human early fetal heart PloS one · preclinical | PMID 30412598 |
| 2016 | Cardioprotection by Thymosin Beta 4 Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 27450736 |
| 2016 | Thymosin β4 Promotes Dermal Healing Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 27450738 |
| 2016 | Thymosin Beta 4 Is a Potential Regulator of Hepatic Stellate Cells Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 27450733 |
| 2016 | Thymosin Beta 4: A Potential Novel Therapy for Neurotrophic Keratopathy, Dry Eye, and Ocular Surface Diseases Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 27450739 |
| 2014 | Thymosin β 4 gene silencing decreases stemness and invasiveness in glioblastoma Brain : a journal of neurology · preclinical | PMID 24355709 |
| 2012 | Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications Expert opinion on biological therapy · preclinical | PMID 22074294 |
| 2010 | Animal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · preclinical | PMID 20536453 |
| 2009 | Collateral circulation: past and present Basic research in cardiology · preclinical | PMID 19101749 |
| 2007 | beta-Thymosins Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · preclinical | PMID 17468232 |
| 2007 | Thymosin beta-4 and the eye: I can see clearly now the pain is gone Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · preclinical | PMID 17495249 |
| 2007 | Thymosin beta-4 is essential for coronary vessel development and promotes neovascularization via adult epicardium Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · preclinical | PMID 17495252 |
| 2003 | Thymosin beta(4) reduces lethality and down-regulates inflammatory mediators in endotoxin-induced septic shock International immunopharmacology · preclinical | PMID 12860178 |
| 2003 | The thymosins. Prothymosin alpha, parathymosin, and beta-thymosins: structure and function Vitamins and hormones · preclinical | PMID 12852257 |
| 2002 | Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury Experimental eye research · preclinical | PMID 11950239 |
| 2000 | Thymosin-beta(4) changes the conformation and dynamics of actin monomers Biophysical journal · preclinical | PMID 10777749 |
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4 fragment (synthetic)). Synthetic version of the active region of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring actin-sequestering peptide. Promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and downregulation of inflammation; supports actin polymerisation in tissue repair.
Commonly discussed uses: muscle/tendon injury recovery, wound healing, flexibility. The evidence base is largely preclinical (animal/in-vitro); published randomised human clinical trials are lacking or absent. Note: most uses are not approved indications.
Mechanism: Synthetic version of the active region of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring actin-sequestering peptide. Promotes cell migration, angiogenesis, and downregulation of inflammation; supports actin polymerisation in tissue repair.
Reported considerations: anecdotal: lethargy, head-rush after injection, limited safety data in humans. The evidence base is largely preclinical (animal/in-vitro); published randomised human clinical trials are lacking or absent. WADA-prohibited at all times. Not approved for human therapeutic use. This is not a safety endorsement; safety data for unapproved compounds is incomplete.
Commonly cited ranges (educational reference, not a recommendation): low 2mg/week, typical 2-5mg/week (loading), high 5mg twice weekly (loading phase). Administration: subcutaneous, intramuscular. Half-life: ~hours; long tissue residence anecdotally reported.
Australian status: Prescription-only / not ARTG-registered; banned in racing (WADA & racing authorities). WADA-prohibited at all times. Not approved for human therapeutic use. General regulatory context: most active peptides are Schedule 4 and require a prescription; import via the Personal Importation Scheme requires a valid Australian prescription for prescription-only goods.
Reconstitution/storage reference: 2ml bacteriostatic water per 5mg vial; storage: reconstituted: refrigerated, ~30 days.
Commonly discussed combinations (anecdotal for unapproved compounds): TB-500 + BPC-157 (recovery stack). Stacking increases interaction/safety uncertainty.